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Parasitic Diseases:
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Parasitic diseases:
The incidence of parasitic diseases varies greatly. Poorly fed animals suffer more, but optimum nutrition does not offer complete protection.
  • Poor Nutrition - Trichostrongylosis is more in calves. Excellent nutrition but favorable environmental conditions favor Haemonchosis in calves.
  • Specific nutritional deficiency such as cobalt, copper, phosphourus, or protein reduces animal resistance.
  • Dung pat can act as reservoir for larvae, for 5 months in summer and 7-8 months in winter and when the outer covering softens by rain. Larvae come out. Breaking up of dung pat and introduction of suitable dung beetles help in worm control.
  • Feed contaminated with stools in the bran spreads infestation.
  • Areas with severe winter and dry summer the load is low, but when winter is mild and summer is wet, serious outbreaks come up.
Specific signs include:
  • The animal appears pale around the eyes (anaemia) has a dry, dull coat.
  • Animal may appear to be swollen around the jaws owing to accumulation of body fluid (referred to as ‘bottle jaw’).
  • In some cases, adult worms or tapeworm segments may be seen in the feces.
  • Diarrhea (may be bloody), loss of weight, and death may occur.
Treating worms:
  • If worm infestation is suspected all animals should treated with broad-spectrum dewormers (antihelmintics). For advice on which type of dewormer to use and the method of administration, one should consult a veterinarian.
Control Measures:
Control of parasites is a group treatment. Presence of one clinical case needs whole herd to be treated.
  1. Have balanced nutrition.
  2. If there is pasture, have rotational system for grazing.
  3. In housed animals, feed and water should not get contaminated with dung.
  4. Do not group young and old animals together.
  5. Give broad spectrum anthelmintics having 90% efficacy. Give medication twice per year for whole herd.
  6. Have timely diagnosis; by fecal examination.
  7. Examination of fecal samples of the herd, at regular intervals is necessary (in calves at the interval of 15 days, before and after monsoon, for 3 to 4 times in a year).
  8. The control measures mainly depend upon knowledge of live cycle of parasite in relation to climatic and biological factors.
PARASITIC DISEASES

Babesiosis : (Babesia bigemina)


Animal affected: Cattle, buffalo, exotic and crossbred cattle are the worst affected.

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Fever, coffee coloured urine,
  • Anaemia and jaundice.
Treatment/Control:
  • Blood examination is essential.
  • Consult vety. doctor before any treatment is given.
  • Trypan Blue (Ethicare) : 1-4 g slow i/v route
  • Berenil : 0.8-1.6 g/100 kg B.W. i/m, Pronil - H ,0.5 ml./i/m.


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Anaplasmosis : (A. marginale)



Animal affected: Mostly exotic & crossbred cattle.

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Rise in temp., dyspnoea, increased pulse & respiration rate
  • Suspended rumination, anaemia, constipation followed by diarrhoea,
  • Mucous membranes become pale,
  • Pregnant animal may abort,
  • Animal may die.
Treatment/Control:
  • Chlortetracycline 5-10 mg/kg 1/m.
  • Tetracycline HCL 5 mg/kg
  • Rolitetracycline HCL 4 mg/kg,
  • Imidocorb 1-2 mg/kg i/m- 2 doses at 7 days interval.


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Theileriosis: (Theileria annulata)



Animal affected: Exotic cattle, crossbred cattle with high percentage of exotic blood.

Symptoms/lesions:
  • High fever,
  • Enlargement of the superficial lymph glands,
  • Lacrymation,
  • Difficult respiration,
  • Jaundice and anaemia.
Treatment/Control:
  • Blood and lymph gland biopsy examination is essential.
  • No specific treatmet is available.
  • Long acting tetracycline alongwith blood transfusion given at early stage may help.
  • Keep animals free of ticks by regular spraying of recommended insecticides.
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Surra : (Trypanosoma evansi)



Animal affected: Horse, camel, cattle and buffalo

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Fever,
  • Nervous signs,
  • Excitement, circling,
  • Apparent blindness,
  • Depression,
  • Loss of body weight and anaemia.
Treatment/Control:
  • Blood examination is essential.
  • Gipol : 12 mg, per kg B.W. i/m,
  • Berenil : 0.8-1.6 g/100 kg B.W. i/m,
  • Tevansi, Inj : 5-10 ml. S/C,
  • Tribexin Prosalt (3 g, vial) : Dissolve in 10 ml. dist. water, 1.3 ml. per 45 kg B.W. S/C.

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Ascariasis: (Toxocara vitulorum, Ascarisuum, Parascaris equorum, Toxocara canis and Ascaridia galli)



Animal affected: Buffalo/cow calf, young pig, horse dog, poultry.

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Diarrhoea,
  • Loss of body weight,
  • Pendulous abdomen.

Treatment/:
  • Faecal examination is essential.
  • Lemasol powder : (20 g pouch) : 1-2 pouch per adult, cattle, 1 pouch per calf.
  • Piperazine liquid (45%) : 30 ml/calf

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Liver Fluke Infection: (Fasciola gigantica)

Mature Flukes in Liver Egg of fasciola


Animal affected: Sheep, goat, cattle & buffalo.

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Diarrhoea,
  • Emaciation,
  • Oedema of the throat.

Treatment/Control:
  • Faecal examination is essential
  • Zanil 10-15 mg/kg B.W., orally.



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Blook fluke infection: (Schistosoma spp.)



Animal affected: Buffalo and cattle

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Loss of condition,
  • Anaemia,
  • Granulomatous growth inside nostrils.

Treatment/Control:
  • Consult a veterinary doctor.
  • Anthiomaline (M&B) 20 ml, deep i/m twice a week is highly effective.

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Tapeworms Infection (Moniezia, Taenia, Echinococcus spp.)



Animal affected: Sheep, goat, cattle & dog.

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Vague abdominal trouble,
  • Diarrhoea and constipation,
  • Segments of the tape worm may be seen in the faeces.
Treatment/Control:
  • Vague abdominal trouble,
  • Diarrhoea and constipation,
  • Segments of the tape worm may be seen in the faeces.
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Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes ovis, Demodex canis).



Animal affected: sheep and buffalo

Symptoms/lesions:
  • Severe itching,
  • Falling of hair,
  • Scabs and crusts on affected skin,
  • Occasionally pustules.

Treatment/Control:
  • Skin scrapping examination is essential.
  • Clip hair and scrub with warm water and soap.
  • Apply 0.55 malathion or 0.15% lindane or 0.5% Sevin as spray, swab or dip, thrice at intervals of seven days.
  • 1% Trichlorophon (Diptrex) ointement in vaseline,
  • Ivermectin at the dose of 200 mg/kg B.W. is very effective.

Some other Parasitic Diseases :

Dicrocoelium Boophilus
   
Rhipicephalus Argas

 

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Developed by :
Jaspal Singh
(Ex. M.V.Sc Scholar )		  Dr. Pranav Kumar
(Assistant Professor) 		Amandeep Singh
(Final Year B.V.Sc & AH student)
Division of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, SKUAST Jammu